东胜城区及周边地区浅层地下水硝酸盐分布及影响因素研究

以地下水污染调查数据为基础,利用城市解剖与水化学分析相结合的方法,对东胜城区及周边地区浅层地下水中硝酸盐分布特征及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:调查区地下水硝酸盐超标率高达21%,超标点主要分布于人类活动强度较大且水位埋深较浅的地区,局部出现硝酸型地下水;高硝酸盐的地下水具有高矿化度、低p H值、低γCa2+/γCl-、γNa+/γCl-、γHCO3-/γCl-的特征,表明水动力条件越差、变质程度越深且蒸发浓缩越强烈的酸性地下水中越有利于硝酸盐的富集;大气降水对地下水中硝酸盐浓度具有稀释作用,但最终变化态势仍取决于污染源强度。城市化过程中既能产生硝酸盐污染源,又能形成有利于硝酸盐富集的水环境条件,加强对生活污染源的处置与管理是控制城市地区地下水硝酸盐污染的关键所在。     

南水北调中线总干渠逆止阀处地下水进入量及其对干渠水质影响分析--以焦作某内排段为例

为保障南水北调中线总干渠水质安全,以河南焦作某内排段为研究对象,基于GMS地下水数值模拟系统对逆止阀处地下水流向流线、进入量及其对干渠水质影响进行了模拟分析.由8种水量情景模拟结果得出:逆止阀处地下水进入量主要受地下水和总干渠水位差的影响,二者呈正相关.以SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N为分析因子,假定总干渠水质类别为Ⅱ类水,通过最差情况分析得出:地下水经逆止阀进入总干渠后,干渠水中SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N浓度值均超标,水质类别降为Ⅲ类水.采用逆推法分析得出:当干渠水中SO2-4、NH3-N、NO3-N质量浓度分别不超过221.676 8、0.067 9、9.083 2 mg/L时,即便污染的地下水通过逆止阀进入到总干渠,也能保证干渠水符合Ⅱ类水质标准.     

基于萤火虫算法的投影寻踪地下水水质评价方法

针对水质评价中指标多样性的特点,提出了基于萤火虫算法的投影寻踪(PP)地下水水质评价方法,用于解决水质评价中的模糊性和指标的不相容性等问题.该方法根据地下水环境等级划分标准,构建了能够反映地下水水质状况的投影指标函数,引入萤火虫算法(FA)优化投影指标函数,寻求投影指标函数的最佳投影方向,求得最佳投影方向值,实现了地下水水质评价.以北京市朝阳区地下水为研究对象,运用该方法进行水质综合评价,并与综合评分法(F值法)、单因子评价法和基于实码加速遗传算法的投影寻踪模型(RAGA-PP)得到的结果进行对比.实例应用表明,该方法合理可行,可用于地下水水质评价.     

基于Visual MODFLOW的某尾矿库地下水污染模拟

以甘肃省合作市某尾矿库库区作为研究区,应用Visual MODFLOW建立了地下水水流模型和溶质运移模型,模拟了4种特征污染物在尾矿库无防渗和尾矿库人工防渗层破损两种非正常工况下的运移情况。数值模拟预测了污染物的影响范围、超标范围和最大运移距离。由预测结果可知:污染物主要沿水流方向运移,对水环境的影响随时间逐渐增大;氨氮和总磷对水环境的影响较大,总砷和六价铬影响较小;两种工况中,尾矿库无防渗对水环境造成的影响更为恶劣。     

聊城市地下水水质特征及评价方法选择研究

为准确反映聊城市地下水现状,本文以聊城市典型监测点监测数据为依据,运用综合评价法和模糊综合评价法对监测点水质进行评价,并探讨2种水质评价方法的评价效果。结果表明:聊城市浅层地下水和深层地下水水质以Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类水为主,主要超标指标为总硬度和溶解性总固体;各超标指标之间具有一定相关关系;综合评价法评价结果数值偏大,并且缺失Ⅲ类水;模糊综合评价法更适合聊城市地下水水质评价。     

基于投影寻踪和模糊物元组合模型的地下水水质评价

针对水质评价指标的不相容性和指标多样性等特点,将投影寻踪与模糊物元相结合,构建了用于地下水水质评价的组合模型.该模型运用投影寻踪(projection pursuit,PP)方法,构建了投影指标函数,引入萤火虫算法(firefly algorithm,FA)进行优化,寻求地下水水质评价指标体系的最佳投影方向,利用最佳投影方向值确定各评价指标权重,再通过计算复合模糊物元与标准模糊物元之间的欧氏贴近度,实现了地下水水质综合评价.随机选取北京市2012年枯水期水样9例,运用该组合模型进行水质评价,与投影寻踪模型(RAGA-PP)和综合评分法(F值法)的结果进行比较,应用结果证明了该模型的可行性和有效性.     

高铁锰氨氮地下水锰极限质量浓度研究

为研究生物除铁除锰滤柱对高铁锰氨氮地下水中锰的极限质量浓度,采用培养成熟并稳定运行一段时间的滤柱,逐步提高其进水锰的质量浓度,考察锰的极限质量浓度．结果表明:在进水总铁、氨氮质量浓度分别为5～10、0.9～1.3 mg／L,水温为8 ℃,滤速为6 m／h的实验条件下,当进水溶解氧约8.5 mg／L时,锰的极限质量浓度为7.5 mg／L;溶解氧大于10 mg／L时,锰极限质量浓度为10.5 mg／L;锰质量浓度升高对铁和氨氮的去除没有影响．沿程分析发现：沿滤层向下,相同厚度滤料除锰量逐渐减少;锰质量浓度升高过程中,氨氮的沿程去除没有变化．锰的极限质量浓度受溶解氧限制,溶解氧越高,极限质量浓度越高．     

Upper bound limit analysis of roof collapse in shallow tunnels with arbitrary cross sections under condition of seepage force

The analytical solutions for predicting the exact shape of collapse mechanisms in shallow tunnels with arbitrary excavation profiles were obtained by virtue of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and variation principle according to Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The seepage force was included in the upper bound limit analysis, and it was computed from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution. The seepage was regarded as a work rate of external force. The numerical results of roof collapse in square and circular tunnels with different rock parameters were derived and discussed, which proves to be valid in comparison with the previous work. The influences of different parameters on the shape of collapsing blocks were also discussed.     

Limiting drainage criterion for groundwater of mountain tunnel

Large amount of groundwater discharging from tunnel is likely to cause destruction of the ecological environment in the vicinity of the tunnel, thus an appropriate drainage criterion should be established to balance the tunnel construction and groundwater.To assess the related problems, an limiting drainage standard ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/（m·d） was suggested for mountain tunnels based on survey and comparative analysis. After that, for the purpose of verifying the rationality of the standard, a calculated formula for dewatering funnel volume caused by drainage was deduced on the basis of the groundwater dynamics and experience method.Furthermore, the equation about the relationship between water discharge and drawdown of groundwater table was presented. The permeability coefficient, specific yield and groundwater table value were introduced, and then combined with the above equation, the drawdown of groundwater table under the proposed limiting drainage criterion was calculated. It is shown that the proposed drainage standard can reach the purpose of protecting ecological environment under the following two conditions. One is the permeability coefficient ranges from 10-4 to 10-5 m/s and the specific yield ranges from 0.1 to 0.001. The other is the permeability coefficient varies from 10-6 to 10-8 m/s and the specific yield varies from 0.1 to 0.01. In addition, a majority of common geotechnical layers are involved in the above ranges. Thus, the proposed limiting drainage standard which ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/（m·d） for mountain tunnel is reasonable.     

复合加载模式下海上风机圆形浅基础亚塑性宏单元模型

海上风机基础不但承受着上部结构传来的竖向荷载、风浪等引起的水平荷载与弯矩,还承受着叶片等旋转机构传来的扭矩。基于亚塑性本构理论框架,引入相应的圆形浅基础广义屈服面函数及塑性势函数,构建了一个六自由度复合加载模式下砂土地基上海上风机基础宏单元模型。为了能够合理描述循环加载条件下基础的宏观力学响应,该模型将等效粒间应变概念引入到广义力与其对应位移关系中。通过对已有模型试验结果的数值模拟,在一定程度上验证了提出的宏单元模型的合理性。